Tablets Vitamins
Vitamins – Tablets vs Liquid
Brent Bauer, MD, a Mayo Clinic specialist in alternative medicine, says the liquid and chewable vitamin tablets normally absorbed by the body much faster than capsules or tablets and which seems consistent when researched information.
The stomach and intestine not decompose as fast as the liquid and chewable tablets, but vitamins do not need to be absorbed quickly and require a medication or drug. There several drugs that must be absorbed very quickly, like Tylenol if high fever is present. The vitamins do not count in that category.
A important question is whether you can swallow the capsule or tablet, and if not, use a liquid or chew up. Another reason is that if a large amount of this vitamin is necessary then the liquid or powder should be used to get everything smoothly. It's an individual thing, and obviously, the vitamin does not have to rush through the system to function better.
One of the disadvantages of liquid vitamin is that when it enters the stomach as a liquid vitamins are the subject of stomach acids, so which means that some of the nutrients will be destroyed before they can provide nutrients to the body. In addition, they are somewhat expensive compared with the capsule or tablet vitamins.
The bad thing about pills is that the cheaper versions can disintegrate in the stomach, or are so harsh that do not dissolve at all. Therefore, the best thing to do is buy some high quality vitamins with an enteric coating. Enteric is a carefully designed to bring the ingredients nutraceuticals the walls of the small intestine, safely and efficiently.
Vitamins are either liquid or pills should be taken when eating foods with food, because they are concentrated. While your body absorbs the food, but also will absorb the vitamin. They do not have to break through the body before its active ingredients can be released and absorbed.
Make sure the process is with meals for a child as well, as the body of a child will have more problems than adults, that can only break a 20% to 40% of a tablet or chewable vitamin. If you get too much of a particular vitamin, the body comes out of the urine.
As Therefore, liquid vitamins or vitamin tablets have some pros and cons, but mostly it's a matter of personal preference. Try to take the capsule if it is time released, but other than that, not too demanding! Some people avoid liquid vitamin, because they do not like the taste on your tongue. Therefore, recognize what you want and limitation, then decide!
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Personal factors
Street sleeper in New York City, 2006.
Untreated mental illness, and disability can cause individuals to become paranoid, anxious, or depressed, making it difficult or impossible to maintain employment, pay bills, or keep supportive social relationships.
Substance abuse can drain financial resources, cause job or housing loss, and erode supportive social relationships. Substance abuse is quite prevalent in the homeless population.[55]
Many people (especially women and often with children) who flee from domestic violence often must quickly adapt to massive life changes. Many find it extremely difficult to secure a new place of residence and/or a job.
Institutional release. Most individuals being discharged from prison have few resources to “get back on their feet” and have eroded personal contacts that may provide support. Youths who “age out” of systems such as foster care often find themselves without needed support networks.
Lastly, it should be mentioned that some people find themselves homeless due to unexpected extenuating circumstances:
Natural disasters: Many people lose their homes to any variety of natural catastrophes including but not limited to: floods, forest fires, storms, and earthquakes. In 2005 hurricanes Katrina and Rita displaced over 1 million Americans. Tornadoes destroyed entire towns in Tennessee in 2006.
Unexpected emergencies: A variety of people find themselves unable to cope with any number of the following sudden tragedies: being laid off from a long-term place of employment; losing their place of residence to an accidental fire; serious bodily injuries; discovery of terminal illnesses or diseases; loss of family member(s). These situations usually result not only in significant monetary expenses, but also in severe psychological and emotional hardships.
More affordable housing
Homeless individuals report a lack of affordable housing as the number one reason for becoming homeless.[56] This inadequacy must be remedied in order to get people off the streets and out of shelters. Many non-profit organizations are in operation to serve this need—for example, the National Low Income Housing Coalition—but most lack the funding necessary to create enough housing. Several proposed policy measures are designed to secure such funding, such as the National Housing Trust Fund, but these have not been signed into law.
Comprehensive health care
Homeless individuals report mental illness as being the number three reason for becoming or staying homeless.[56] Such illnesses are often closely linked with the fourth reason—substance abuse—and therefore it is generally accepted that both of these issues should be treated simultaneously. Although many medical, psychiatric, and counseling services exist to address these needs, it is commonly believed that without the support of reliable and stable housing such treatments remain ineffective. Furthermore, in the absence of a universal health-care plan, many of those in need cannot afford such services. Legislation such as the Bringing America Home Act, if enacted, would provide comprehensive and available treatment for all.
Paradigm shift
A significant paradigm has occurred in homeless services over the past five years which has begun to shift the emphasis from “managing the problem of homelessness” with emergency shelters, soup kitchens and health clinic to ending homelessness by housing individuals who are experiencing homelessness. In 2001, the National Alliance to End Homelessness [13] released “A Plan to End Homelessness” which encouraged communities to develop and implement a 10 year plan to end or reduce homelessness in their communities.
Key effective programs include:
Shelter Plus Care – a federal program that provides housing subsidies and are matched by local funds to provide long-term supportive services (typically case management). Experience demonstrated that many individuals who have been homeless for a significant time often lose their housing shortly after placement. The Shelter Plus Care program provides long-term supports including working with the landlord to keep the individual housed.
Housing First – a service paradigm that assumes that individuals who are homeless are “ready” to be housed immediately and with appropriate supports can retain their housing. The Pathways to Housing project in New York demonstrated a five-year housing retention rate of 88 percent among formerly homeless individuals with serious mental illness. Homeless people seeking help are often required to participate in substance abuse, mental health, and life skills programs of a year or more regardless of whether those are factors in their case. Many people only need decent housing to get back on their feet. Central City Concern’s (Portland, Oregon) Shoreline Project allows homeless unemployed men to move into SRO type single person studios and find a job within 70 days; it’s been a great success with expected expansion of the program in 2007.
Assertive Outreach – a form of engagement and outreach that emphasizes building a bond of trust between the case worker and the individual. Engagement is highly individualized with the pace dictated by the individual in need. Case workers do not force rules, regulations or program services until they are requested. Typically used to engage homeless, mentally ill individuals.
In Boston, Massachusetts, in September 2007, an outreach to the homeless was initiated in the Boston Common, after some arrests and shootings, and in anticipation of the cold winter ahead. This outreach targets homeless people who would normally spend their sleeping time on the Boston Common, and tries to get them into housing, trying to skip the step of an emergency shelter. Applications for Boston Housing Authority were being handed out and filled out and submitted. This is an attempt to enact by outreach the Housing First initiative, federally mandated. Boston’s Mayor, Thomas Menino, was quoted as saying “The solution to homelessness is permanent housing”. Still, this is a very controversial strategy, especially if the people are not able to sustain a house with proper community, health, substance counseling, and mental health supportive programs.[57]
[edit] Effects on education/homeless students
Homelessness has a tremendous effect on a child’s education. Education of homeless youth is thought to be essential in breaking the cycle of poverty. The McKinney-Vento Homeless Assistance Act mandates equal opportunity to a free public education to homeless students. This act is supposed to break down the barriers homeless students have to receiving an education. These barriers include residency restriction, medical record verification, and transportation issues. Once a student surpasses these barriers, they are still subject to the stigma of being homeless, and the humiliation they feel because of their situation. Some families don’t report their homelessness, while others are unaware of the opportunities available to them. Many report that maintaining a stable school environment helps the students because it’s the only thing that remains normal.[58] Many homeless students fall behind their peers in school due to behavioral disorders, and lack of attendance in school.[59]
Since the housing market fall out there has been a rise is homeless students. NAEHCY or the National Association for the Education of Homeless for Children and Youth, has reported that there has been a rise in homeless student as much as 99% within a three month period (San Diego).[60]
Of 1,636 schools, 330 reported no increase, 847 reported an increase of half, and 459 reported an increase of 25% or more. Due to the provisions of the McKinney-Vento Act many school districts are struggling to provide the necessary services, such as rising transportation needs and the greater severity of services.
One of the biggest challenges our district faces is providing transportation to students who are experiencing homelessness. There are few approaches that our district can utilize to provide transportation for these students. Our city has only one taxi cab service and no public bus system. Our cab company is small and simply can’t fulfill all of our transportation requests. When it’s possible, we add students to existing bus routes or set up a contractual agreement with the student’s parent/guardian. However, there have been many situations where none of these options have worked. Another challenge our district faces is providing proper outer-wear for students who are homeless. Being that we live in central Wisconsin and have long, cold winters, all students need proper outerwear to go outside. Proper outerwear includes snow boots, hat, mittens, snow pants, and a winter jacket that has a working zipper or buttons on it. This expense adds up quickly and is hard to provide to the increasing number of homeless students.[60]
This is especially worrisome since homeless students are 1) 1.5 times more likely to perform below grade level in reading; 2)1.5 times more likely to perform below grade level in spelling; and 3) 2.5 times more likely to perform below grade level in math.[60] There are a few worries that there will be false reports of homeless students, but mostly it’s not an issue.[58]
[edit] Public attitudes
Many advocates for the homeless contend that a key difficulty is the social stigma surrounding homelessness. There is anecdotal evidence that many Americans complain about the presence of homeless people, blame them for their situation, and feel that their requests for money or support (usually via begging) are unjustified. In the 1990s, particularly, many observers and media articles spoke of “compassion fatigue” a belief that the public had grown weary of this seemingly intractable problem.
Public opinion surveys show relatively little support for this view, however. A 1995 paper in the American Journal of Community Psychology concluded that “although the homeless are clearly stigmatized, there is little evidence to suggest that the public has lost compassion and is unwilling to support policies to help homeless people.”[61] A Penn State study in 2004 concluded that “familiarity breeds sympathy” and greater support for addressing the problem.[62]
A 2007 survey of New Yorkers found 67 percent said most homeless people were without shelter because of “circumstances beyond their control.” More than one-third (36 percent) said they worried about becoming homeless themselves, with 15 percent saying they were “very worried.” The survey by the nonpartisan group Public Agenda found support for investments in prevention, rental assistance and permanent housing.[63]
Public Agenda has also concluded, however, that the public’s sympathy has limits. In a 2002 national survey, the organization found 74 percent say the police should leave a homeless person alone if he or she isn’t bothering anyone. Yet 71 percent say the police should move the homeless if they are keeping customers away from a shopping area and 51 percent say the homeless should be moved if they are driving other people away from a public park.[64]
[edit] Homeless assistance programs
The homeless community of the United States is aided in many ways from governmental and non-governmental oraganizations. Non-governmental organizations help the homeless by advocating or by physical and financial aid. Organizations like the [National Alliance to End homelessness] go to government officials and offices to speak on behalf of the homeless community calling for policy changes or for the creation of policy to help end homelessness. Government agencies respond. The following programs and policies attack the phenomenon of homelessness, provide help to the homeless, and prevent further growth of the homeless population.
[edit] Programs
Many programs that are designed to assist the homeless population have incorporated some type of housing program for their clients. Whether it is a transitional, permanent or even emergency housing program, the assistance is often provided for a very low cost and maybe even free. In the United States each year, there are around 3.5 million people who live their lives without shelter or a stable occupation. For 2006 alone, $28.5 billion was allotted to homeless programs ran through HUD (Housing and Urban Development), $1 billion was given for Section 8 housing, and $1.4 billion was used for Homeless Assistance Grants. As one example, Volunteers of America is an agency that believes preventing family homelessness is a critical part of their organization. Through them, transitional housing and emergency shelters are available to those who are in desperate need.
[edit] Housing
The two main types of housing programs provided for homeless people are:
Transitional
Transitional housing programs are operated with one goal in mind – to help individuals and families obtain permanent housing as quickly as possible. Transitional housing programs assist homeless for a fixed amount of time or until they are able to obtain housing on their own and function successfully in the community, or whichever comes first.[65][66][67]
Permanent
For a significant number of homeless Americans with mental or physical impairments, often coupled with drug and/or alcohol use issues, long-term homelessness can only be ended by providing permanent housing coupled with intensive supportive services. Permanent housing provides a “base” for people to move out of poverty.
Some shelters and associated charitable foundations have bought buildings and real estate to develop into permanent housing for the homeless in lieu of transitional Housing.[68]
The United States Department of Housing and Urban Development and Veterans Administration have a special Section 8 housing voucher program called VASH (Veterans Administration Supported Housing), or HUD-VASH, which gives out a certain number of Section 8 subsidized housing vouchers to eligible homeless and otherwise vulnerable US armed forces veterans.[69]
Substance abuse prevention
Without supportive services, housing is not often enough to end homelessness. Various agencies, in fact all homeless prevention agencies and programs include substance abuse recovery and prevention programs. Objectives are to provide substance abuse counseling and access to treatment centers.
Self-sufficiency
For a significant number of homeless Americans with mental or physical impairments, often coupled with drug and/or alcohol use issues, long-term homelessness can only be ended by providing permanent housing coupled with intensive supportive services.
[edit] Policies
There are several policies dealing with homelessness. In 1980 the government decided to start sending funding to the homeless, but it was not until 1984 that shelters were built to accommodate and feed them. As it was shown though seventy percent required the homeless to attend a religious ceremony and spend only a couple of nights there. In the 1987 McKinney Act the problem with homelessness became known as a huge social problem. Later on, the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 (P.L. 107-110) amended the program explicitly to prohibit states that receive McKinney-Vento funds from segregating homeless students from non-homeless students, except for short periods of time for health and safety emergencies or to provide temporary, special, supplementary services. The Chronic Homelessness Initiative. The Bush Administration established a national goal of ending chronic homelessness in ten years, by 2012. The idea of a 10-year plan to end chronic homelessness began as a part of a 10-year plan to end homelessness in general adopted by the National Alliance to End Homelessness (NAEH) in 2000. The following year, then-Secretary Martinez announced HUD’s commitment to ending chronic homelessness at the NAEH annual conference. In 2002, as a part of his FY2003 budget, President Bush made “ending chronic homelessness in the next decade a top objective.” The bi-partisan, congressionally mandated, Millennial Housing Commission, in its Report to Congress in 2002, included ending chronic homelessness in 10 years among its principal recommendations. By 2003, the Interagency Council on Homelessness had been re-engaged and charged with pursuing the President’s 10-year plan. The Administration has recently undertaken some collaborative efforts to reach its goal of ending chronic homelessness in 10 years. On October 1, 2003, the Administration announced the award of over $48 million in grants aimed at serving the needs of the chronically homeless through two initiatives. The “Ending Chronic Homelessness through Employment and Housing” [14] initiative was a collaborative grant offered jointly by HUD [15] and the Department of Labor (DOL) [16]. The initiative offered $10 million from HUD and $3.5 million from DOL to help the chronically homeless in five communities gain access to employment and permanent housing. Section 8 is the core housing program that helps extremely low-income families accommodate the gap between their incomes below 30 percent of the median income for each community. The government assists homeless families by awarding grants and vouchers. Vouchers are available to the families who are most needy and they are used to pay for housing found in the private market. Currently there are policy changes in who receives vouchers and there will be a reduction in the amount of vouchers granted to the homeless population.
On May 20, 2009, President Barack Obama signed the Homeless Emergency Assistance and Rapid Transition to Housing (HEARTH) Act of 2009. The HEARTH Act amends and reauthorizes the McKinney-Vento Homeless Assistance Act with substantial changes. The HEARTH Act of 2009 consolidated HUD’s competitive grant programs, created a Rural Housing Stability Program, changed HUD’s definition of homelessness and chronic homelessness, supplied a simplified match requirement, increased prevention resources and increased in the emphasis on performance.The primary purpose of the legislation was to provide principle definitions regarding homelessness. The following terms: “homeless,” “homeless individual,” “homeless person,” and “homeless individual with a disability.”
[edit] Housing First
Housing First is a relatively recent innovation that has met with success in providing housing to homeless people with substance abuse problems or mental health issues. Housing First allows homeless men and women to be taken directly off the street into private community-based apartments, without requiring treatment first. This allows the homeless to return to some sense of normalcy, from which it is believed that they are better-poised to tackle their addictions or sicknesses. The relapse rate through these types of programs is lower than that of conventional homeless programs.
It was initiated by the federal government’s Interagency Council on Homelessness. It asks cities to come up with a plan to end chronic homelessness. In this direction, there is the belief that if homeless people are given independent housing to start off with, with some proper social supports, then there would be no need for emergency homeless shelters, which it considers a good outcome. This is a very controversial position.[70][71] There are many complications of this kind of program and these must be dealt with to make such an initiative work successfully in the middle to long term.[72][73]
[edit] Criminalization of homelessness
“Practices that criminalize homelessness do nothing to address the underlying causes of homelessness. Instead, they exacerbate the problem.”[74] Measures passed “prohibit activities such as sleeping/camping, eating, sitting, and begging in public spaces, usually including criminal penalties for violation of these laws.”[74] Violators of such laws typically incur criminal penalties, which result in fines and/or incarceration. In April, 2006 the U.S. 9th District Court ruled that “making it a crime to be homeless by charging them with a crime is in violation of the 8th and 14th Amendments.” [17]
The City could not expressly criminalize the status of homelessness by making it a crime to be homeless without violating the Eighth Amendment, nor can it criminalize acts that are an integral aspect of that status. Because there is substantial and undisputed evidence that the number of homeless persons in Los Angeles far exceeds the number of available shelter beds at all times, including on the nights of their arrest or citation, Los Angeles has encroached upon Appellants’ Eighth Amendment protections by criminalizing the unavoidable act of sitting, lying or sleeping at night while being involuntarily homeless. The defense encompasses the very difficulties that Jones posits here: sleeping on the streets because alternatives were inadequate and economic forces were primarily to blame for his predicament. Id. at 390. Jones argues that he and other homeless people are not willing or able to pursue such a defense because the costs of pleading guilty are so low and the risks and challenges of pleading innocent are substantial.
- id. at 568 n.31 (Fortas, J., dissenting); the Eighth Amendment prohibits the City from punishing involuntary sitting, lying, or sleeping on public sidewalks that is an unavoidable consequence of being human and homeless without shelter in the City of Los Angeles.
By our decision, we in no way dictate to the City that it must provide sufficient shelter for the homeless, or allow anyone who wishes to sit, lie, or sleep on the streets of Los Angeles at any time and at any place within the City. All we hold is that, so long as there is a greater number of homeless individuals in Los Angeles than the number of available beds, the City may not enforce section 41.18(d) at all times and places throughout the City against homeless individuals for involuntarily sitting, lying, and sleeping in public.
However, on October 15, 2007, the Court vacated its Opinion when, on appeal the parties settled the case out of court.[18]
In August 2007, in Boston, Massachusetts, the city took action to keep loiterers, including the homeless, off the Boston Common overnight, after a series of violent crimes and drug arrests.[75]
A federal appeals court ruled an anti-homeless policy in Los Angeles as unconstitutional.[76]
[edit] Crimes against homeless people
Recent years have seen a growing number of violent acts committed upon people experiencing homelessness—the rate of such documented crimes in 2005 was 30% higher than of those in 1999.[74] 75% of all perpetrators are under the age of 25.
In recent years, largely due to the efforts of the National Coalition for the Homeless (NCH) and academic researchers, the problem of violence against the homeless has gained national attention. In their report: Hate, Violence, and Death on Mainstreet USA, the NCH reported 386 violent acts committed against homeless persons over the period, among which 155 were lethal. The NCH called those acts hate crimes (they retain the definition of the American Congress). They insist that so called bumfight videos disseminate hate against the homeless and dehumanize them.
The Center for the Study of Hate & Extremism (CSHE) at California State University, San Bernardino in conjunction with the NCH found that 155 homeless people were killed by non-homeless people in “hate killings”, while 76 people were killed in all the other traditional hate crime homicide categories such as race and religion, combined.[77] The CSHE contends that negative and degrading portrayals of the homeless contribute to a climate where violence takes place.
Various studies and surveys indicate that homeless people have a much higher criminal victimization rate than the non-homeless, but that most incidents never get reported to authorities. On October 1, 2006 CBS News 60 Minutes telecast a story on “thrill” violence against the homeless and “Bumfights” videos. A 2007 study found that the number of violent crimes against the homeless is increasing.[77][78]
[edit] Situations in specific U.S. cities
[edit] Los Angeles
The Los Angeles region is thought to have the largest concentration of homeless persons in the country and is considered the homelessness capital of the USA.[79][80] In its biannual census of 2009, the County counted more than 48,000 homeless persons living in the county at any given night.[81] One hundred thousands persons are expected to be homeless at least one night during the year.[82] A 50-block area in downtown Los Angeles called Skid Row (5,131)[83] has a homeless population nearly as large as the homeless population of San Francisco (5,823).[84] Hollywood and the city of Santa Monica also suffer from visible homelessness. Los Angeles, of course, has approximately 10 times the population of San Francisco,[85] so proportionately, San Francisco has a greater population of homeless persons.
In 2009, the author Geoffrey Neil wrote a novel, Dire Means, whose underlying premise was about the homeless situation in Santa Monica, California.[86]
[edit] San Francisco
The city of San Francisco, California, due to its mild climate and its social programs that have provided cash payments for homeless individuals, is often considered the homelessness capital of the United States.[87] The city’s homeless population has been estimated at 7,000-10,000 people, of which approximately 3,000-5,000 refuse shelter. The city spends $200 million a year on homelessness related programs.[88] On May 3, 2004 [19], San Francisco officially began an attempt to scale back the scope of its homelessness problem by changing its strategy from cash payments to the “Care Not Cash” plan. At the same time, grassroots organizations within the Bay Area such as the Suitcase Clinic work to provide referrals for housing and employment to the homeless population. In 2010, a city ordinance was passed which will disallow sitting and lying down on public sidewalks for most of the day, from 7am until 11pm.[89]
[edit] Chicago
The city of Chicago, Illinois is also noted for its number of homeless people. Over the years, Chicago has gained a reputation as the city with the most homeless people, rivaling Los Angeles and New York, although no statistical data has backed this up. The reputation stems primarily from the subjective number of beggars found on the streets rather than any sort of objective statistical census data. Indeed, from statistical data, Chicago has far less homeless per capita than peers New York, and Los Angeles, or other major cities such as Philadelphia, San Francisco, and Boston, among others, with only 5,922 homeless recorded in a one night count taken in 2007.[90]
[edit] Denver, Colorado
In Denver, Colorado, Mayor John Hickenlooper has made dealing with the issues that underlie homelessness a top priority on his Mayoral agenda, speaking heavily on the issue during his first “State of the City” address in 2003. While Denver’s homeless population is much lower than other major cities, the homeless residents have often suffered when without shelter during Denver’s infamously cold winters.[20]
[edit] Indianapolis, Indiana
In [21] Indianapolis, Indiana, as many as 2,200 people are homeless on any given night, and as many as 15,000 individuals over the course of a year. Indianapolis is notable among cities of similar size for having only faith-based shelters, such as the century-old [22] Wheeler Mission. In 2001, Mayor Bart Peterson endorsed a 10-year plan, called the [23] Blueprint to End Homelessness, and made it one of his administration’s top priorities. The plan’s main goals are for more affordable housing units, employment opportunities, and support services. The Blueprint notwithstanding, Indianapolis has criminalized aspects of homelessness, such as making panhandling a misdemeanor; and the [24] City-County Council has twice (in April, 2002, and August, 2005) denied the zoning necessary to open a new shelter for homeless women.
[edit] Boston & Massachusetts
In December 2007, Mayor Thomas M. Menino of Boston, announced that the one night homeless count had revealed that the actual number of homeless living in the streets was down.[91]
A nightly inhabitant of an MBTA bus shelter at Porter Square in Cambridge, Massachusetts, 2010.
In October 2008, Connie Paige of The Boston Globe reported that the number of homeless in Massachusetts had reached an all-time high, mostly due to mortgage foreclosures and the national economic crisis.[92]
In October 2009, as part of the city’s Leading the Way initiative, Mayor Thomas Menino of Boston dedicated and opened the Weintraub Day Center which is the first city-operated day center for chronically homeless persons. It is a multi-service center, providing shelter, counseling, health care, housing assistance, and other support services. It is a 3,400-square-foot (320 m2) facility located in the Woods Mullen Shelter. It is also meant to reduce the strain on the city’s hospital emergency rooms by providing services and identifying health problems before they escalate into emergencies. It was funded by $3 million in grants from the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, Massachusetts Department of Housing and Community Development (DHCD), the Massachusetts Medical Society and Alliance Charitable Foundation,[93] and the United States Department of Health and Human Services Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA).[94]
In 2010, there was a continued crackdown on panhandling, especially the aggressive type, in downtown Boston. Summonses were being handed out, with scheduled court appearances. The results were mixed and in one upscale neighborhood, Beacon Hill, the resolve of the Beacon Hill Civic Association, which has received only one complaint about panhandlers, was to try to solve the bigger problem not by criminal actions.[95]
Due to economic constraints in 2010, Governor Deval Patrick had to cut the Commonwealth of Massachusetts 2011 budget so dental care for the majority of adults, including most homeless people, covered by MassHealth (Medicaid) would no longer be provided except for cleaning and extractions, with no fillings, dentures, or restorative care.[96][97] This doesn’t affect dental care for children. The measure took effect in July 2010 and affects an estimated 700,000 adults, including 130,000 seniors.[98]
In September 2010, it was reported that the Housing First Initiative had significantly reduced the chronic homeless single person population in Boston, Massachusetts, although homeless families were still increasing in number. Some shelters were reducing the number of beds due to lowered numbers of homeless, and some emergency shelter facilities were closing, especially the emergency Boston Night Center.[99]
There is sometimes corruption and theft by the employees of a shelter as evidenced by a 2011 investigative report by FOX 25 TV in Boston wherein a number of Boston public shelter employees were found stealing large amounts of food over a period of time from the shelter’s kitchen for their private use and catering.[100][101]
[edit] New York City
On June 22, 2010, the New York City Department of Homeless Services reported that the sheltered homeless population consisted of:[102]
8,243 Families with children
1,271 Adult Families
7,725 Single Adults
35,537 Total Individuals
According to the Coalition for the Homeless, the homeless population of New York rose to an all-time high in 2011. A reported 113,552 people slept in the city’s emergency shelters last year, including over 40,000 children; marking an 8 percent increase from the previous year and a 37 percent increase from 2002. There was also a rise in the number of families relying on shelters, approximately 29,000. That is an increase of 80% from 2002. About half of the people who slept in shelter in 2010 returned for housing in 2011.[25][84]
According to the NYC Department of Homeless Services, 64 percent of those applying for emergency shelter in 2010 were denied. Several were denied because they were said to have family who could house them when in actuality this might not have been the case. Applicants may have faced overcrowding, unsafe conditions, or may have had relatives unwilling to house them. According to Mary Brosnaham, spokeswoman for Coalition for the Homeless, the administration of Mayor Michael Bloomberg employs a deliberate policy of “active deterrence”.
Part of the problem lies with long-term joblessness that characterizes the United States’ economic crisis. According to the Center for an Urban Future about a third of the adult workers in New York City are low-wage earners, making under $11.54 an hour. Affordable rent rates considered to be no more than a third of the renter’s wages. A family in New York City must earn at least over $54,000 to find an affordable home. The median household income for renters in the Bronx and Brooklyn is barely $30,000 and 35,000 respectively. According to the Community Service Society, “Two-thirds of poor New Yorkers and over one-third of near poor households—up to twice the poverty level—spend at least half of their incomes on rent…and place millions of low-income New Yorkers at risk of housing hardships and displacement.”
The New York City Housing Authority is experiencing record demand for subsidized housing assistance. However, just 13,000 of the 29,000 families who applied were admitted into the public housing system or received federal housing vouchers known as [Section 8] in 2010. Due to budget cuts there have been no new applicants accepted to receive Section 8.[26]
In March 2010, there were protests about the Governor’s proposed cut of $65 million in annual funding to the homeless adult services system.[103] The Bloomberg administration announced an immediate halt to the Advantage program, threatening to cast 15,000 families back into the shelters or onto the streets. A court has delayed the cut until May 2011 because there was doubt over the legality of cancelling the city’s commitment. However, the Advantage program [27] itself was consciously advanced by the Bloomberg administration as an alternative to providing long-term affordable housing opportunities for the poor and working class. The result, as the [Coalition for the Homeless] report points out, is that “Thousands of formerly-homeless children and families have been forced back into homelessness, In addition, Mayor Bloomberg proposed $37 million in cuts to the city’s budget for homeless services this year.[28]
[edit] Florida
Homeless advocate and urban designer Michael E. Arth proposed building a Pedestrian village for the adult homeless in Volusia County near Daytona Beach, Florida in 2007.[104][105][106] As of 2009, Arth was still working toward trying to consolidate most of the scattered 19 local agencies into an attractive community that would be designed to more effectively address the needs of the chronically adult homeless and the temporarily adult homeless, as well as others who may be having difficulty fitting into the pervasive, automobile-dominated culture. He writes that the current “piecemeal approach” inefficiently spreads out services and work opportunities, and aggravates the problem by polarizing citizens who might otherwise be inclined to help. In response to critics who say that such a village would be like a concentration camp, Arth points out that the U.S. already concentrates their citizens into prisons at 7-8 times the rate of Canada or Europe. “There should be alternative between living on the street and being locked up that addresses the needs of the chronically and temporarily adult homeless.” His proposed “Tiger Bay Village” would have a community garden and orchard, a place to hire certified workers, and a work crew to help build and maintain the village. “Little shops in the village center could process and rehabilitate donated clothes and furnishings to be sold to the public.” Housing would range from multi-bed barracks to small Katrina cottages depending on a person’s contributions to the village, special needs, and income. Arth claims that this would cost less and be far more effective than any of the other solutions tried elsewhere.[107]
[edit] Income sources
Many are employed intermittently. Begging and panhandling is another important income source for some, but not most, homeless people.[108]
[edit] Internet begging
Cyberbegging or Internet begging is reported to be a new and effective way to beg without feeling shame.[109]
[edit] Health concerns
There has been concern about the transmission of diseases in the homeless population housed in shelters, and the people who work there, especially with tuberculosis.[110]
[edit] Women
Main article: Homeless women in the United States
A woman sleeping in Rockefeller Center’s subway station.
In the last decades of the 20th century, the number of women in the homeless population had increased dramatically and grown faster than the number of men.[111] In the early 21st century, the numbers of homeless women continued to grow.[112] In 2008 in one sample, women represented 26% of the respondents surveyed, compared to 24% in 2007.[113]
Homeless women between the ages of 18 and 44 are between 5 and 31 times more at risk of dying than those women who have homes. Homeless women over the age of 44, however, are healthier than homeless men of the same age, and are negligibly more at risk of dying than housed women.[114][115] Psychologically, however, homeless women in their fifties suffer from troubles and chronic diseases from which their housed counterparts only begin to suffer in their seventies. Despite their comparable psychological condition, elderly housing assistance is not available to these homeless women.[112] Between 3.1 and 4.4 % of homeless women in the United States are veterans of the armed services. 57% of these have availed of the Veterans Affairs’ healthcare services.[116]
Adult partner abuse, foster care, and childhood sexual abuse are all more likely to have been experienced by homeless women than by their male counterparts.[117] Domestic violence is the direct cause of homelessness for over half of all homeless women in the United States.[118] Approximately three quarters of the women who attempt to avail of domestic violence shelter beds are turned away in major American cities.[119] These victims of domestic violence are often excluded from homelessness studies, despite the lack of livable conditions in their homes.[120][121][122][123]
It Was a Wonderful Life, a 1993 documentary film narrated by Jodie Foster, chronicles the lives of six articulate, educated, but otherwise hidden homeless women as they struggle from day to day.
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